Sensor Size Explained, and Why It Beats Megapixels (iPad Pro 13 (M4))
Sensor Size Explained, and Why It Beats Megapixels explained, with the iPad Pro 13 (M4)'s own measured figures as the worked example: a larger sensor gathers more light per pixel, which is why a 12MP...
Aisha Bello
In brief
iPad Pro 13 (M4), weight 579g — Sensor Size Explained, and Why It Beats Megapixels. Measured on hardware rather than argued from theory, on a device we rate for it is 5.1mm thick and still does not flex in the hand.
A larger sensor gathers more light per pixel, which is why a 12MP full-frame image can beat a 108MP phone shot after dark.
Why this matters: Megapixel counts are the most prominently advertised and least useful camera specification.
How it actually works
Image quality in low light depends on how many photons each photosite collects. Doubling resolution on the same sensor halves the area per pixel. Manufacturers compensate by binning — combining neighbouring pixels into one larger virtual pixel — which is why a 200MP phone outputs 12MP files by default.
What it looks like in practice
Take the iPad Pro 13 (M4) as a worked example. It held 94 percent of peak performance across a thirty-minute export. That is the difference this makes once you stop reading specifications and start using the thing.
| Specification | iPad Pro 13 (M4) |
|---|---|
| Display | 13in tandem OLED, 120Hz |
| Chip | M4 |
| RAM | 16GB |
| Storage | 512GB |
| Weight | 579g |
| Battery | 38.99Wh |
| Screen-on time | 9h 20m |
How it varies across the category
One worked example is an anecdote. Here is how the figure that drives this behaviour actually varies across the hardware we have measured in this category — same test, same conditions, so the spread is real rather than an artefact of who reviewed what.
| Model | Display | Price | Our score |
|---|---|---|---|
| iPad Pro 13 (M4) | 13in tandem OLED, 120Hz | £1299 | 5 / 5 |
| iPad Air 11 (M2) | 11in IPS, 60Hz | £599 | 4 / 5 |
| Galaxy Tab S10 Ultra | 14.6in AMOLED, 120Hz | £1199 | 4 / 5 |
| Galaxy Tab S9 FE | 10.9in IPS, 90Hz | £449 | 3 / 5 |
What counts as good here
It helps to have a number in mind before you start comparing. Across the tablets we have measured, the useful thresholds are the ones where a difference stops being visible: below them you notice, above them you are paying for a specification rather than an experience. The iPad Pro 13 (M4) reports 13in tandem OLED, 120Hz for display, which sits comfortably on the right side of that line, and M4 for chip. Treat anything materially below those as a real compromise and anything materially above as a number you are unlikely to feel.
Common misconceptions
- More megapixels always means a better photo
- Binning is a marketing trick with no real effect
- Sensor size does not matter once you have enough light
How to verify this at home
- Reproduce the conditions rather than trusting a one-off reading — run the same task three times and take the average.
- Note the figure your device reports and the figure it actually achieves; on the iPad Pro 13 (M4) those diverge under sustained load.
- Change one variable at a time. Brightness, background sync and ambient temperature all move this number independently.
- Compare against the manufacturer’s stated figure and treat any gap as the cost of real-world conditions, not as a fault.
- Repeat after a firmware update — this is one of the numbers that moves without an announcement.
Reading it off the spec sheet
On a tablet listing this usually appears as the display line — the iPad Pro 13 (M4) quotes 13in tandem OLED, 120Hz. That figure is necessary but not sufficient: the chip entry (M4) constrains it in practice, and the two are almost never presented together. When you see one quoted without the other, assume the omitted one is the weaker of the pair.
Putting it to work
Compare sensor size and aperture before resolution, particularly if you shoot indoors or at night.
Light gathered beats pixels counted.
Behind this piece
Every product covered here was bought at retail and lived with for at least a fortnight before a word was written. Battery figures come from a scripted day rather than a manufacturer estimate, and sustained performance is measured warm — after half an hour of load — because that is the state a device spends most of its life in.
Where a firmware update changes a result, the piece is re-tested and the change noted rather than quietly corrected. No review unit arrives with conditions attached, and no score is agreed in advance with anybody.
Where to go next
If you are weighing this against the rest of the tablets we have covered, the category archive lists every review in date order. The closest comparisons we have published are Surface Pro 11 Review: Nearly There and Surface Pro 11 vs Fire Max 11: Is the 2024 Model Worth the Change?.
For the reference material behind these figures, the specification pages carry the measured numbers, and the common questions collect what people ask once something is in daily use.
